amakuru

Imiterere, itandukaniro n'imikoreshereze y'ubwoko cumi n'ine bw'imitako

 

Ibyuma by'ingenzi cyane mu mashini n'ibikoresho. Inshingano yabyo nyamukuru ni ugushyigikira umubiri uzenguruka kugira ngo ugabanye umutwaro w'ibikoresho mu gihe cyo kohereza.

 

Dukurikije icyerekezo cy'ubwikorezi cyangwa inguni yo guhuza, ubwikorezi bugabanyijemo: ubwikorezi bwa radial, ubwikorezi bwo gusunika.

Dukurikije ubwoko bw'ikintu kizunguruka, gigabanyijemo: umupira utera, umupira utera.

Dukurikije niba ishobora kuba iringaniye, igabanyijemo ibice bibiri: ubwirinzi bwigenga, ubwirinzi butari buringaniye (ubwirinzi bukomeye).

Dukurikije umubare w'inkingi z'ibintu bizunguruka, zigabanyijemo: inkingi imwe, inkingi ebyiri, n'inkingi nyinshi.

Dukurikije niba ibice bishobora gutandukanywa, bigabanyijemo: ubwikorezi bushobora gutandukanywa n'ubwikorezi budashobora gutandukanywa.

 

Byongeye kandi, hari uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro imiterere n'ingano y'imiterere.

Iyi nkuru ikubiyemo ahanini imiterere, itandukaniro n'imikoreshereze ijyanye n'ibiranga 13 bisanzwe.

 

1. Ibyuma by'umupira w'angoli

 

Hari inguni yo guhuza hagati y'impeta n'umupira, inguni isanzwe yo guhuza ni 15°, 30° na 40°, uko inguni yo guhuza iba nini, niko ubushobozi bwo gushyiramo umuvuduko mwinshi, niko inguni yo guhuza iba nto, niko bigenda neza mu kuzenguruka kw'umuvuduko mwinshi, icyuma cyo ku murongo umwe gishobora kwihanganira umutwaro wa radial n'umutwaro wa radial ugana ku cyerekezo kimwe. Mu miterere, ibyuma bibiri byo guhuza umupira bya angular by'umurongo umwe bifite umurongo umwe bihuza impande z'imbere n'iz'inyuma, kandi bishobora kwihanganira imitwaro ya radial n'imitwaro ya axial y'icyerekezo kimwe.

 

Porogaramu z'ingenzi:

 

Umurongo umwe: imashini ihindura igikoresho, moteri ifite frequency nyinshi, turbine ya gaze, imashini igabanya centrifugal, uruziga ruto rw'imbere rw'imodoka, umugozi utandukanya pinion.

 

Umurongo ubiri: pompe y'amavuta, imashini ihutisha imizi, compressor y'umwuka, transmission zitandukanye, pompe zitera lisansi, imashini zicapa.

 

2. Imipira ifatana ubwayo

 

Imipira y'icyuma ifite imirongo ibiri, inzira yo gusiganwamo y'inyuma ifite imiterere y'uruziga, bityo ishobora guhindura mu buryo bwikora imiterere y'umugozi iterwa no guhindagurika cyangwa kudahuza neza kw'umugozi cyangwa aho utuye, kandi icyuma gifunganye gishobora gushyirwa ku mugozi hakoreshejwe ibifunga, ahanini kugira ngo gitware imizigo ya radial.

 

Ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi: imashini zikora imbaho, umugozi wo kohereza imashini zikora imyenda, icyuma gifata uruziga gihagaze.

 

3. Ibyuma bizunguruka by'umuzenguruko

 

Ubwo bwoko bw'uburemere bufite imigozi y'uruziga hagati y'impeta y'inyuma y'inzira y'uruziga n'impeta y'imbere y'inzira y'inziga ebyiri, hakurikijwe imiterere y'imbere itandukanye, igabanyijemo ubwoko bune: R, RH, RH na SR, kubera ko hagati y'uruziga rw'inzira y'inziga y'inyuma ijyanye n'iyo hagati y'uburemere, ifite imikorere yo kwihuza, bityo ishobora guhindura mu buryo bwikora uburemere bw'umugozi buterwa no guhindagurika cyangwa kudahuza kw'umugozi cyangwa igikonoshwa, kandi ishobora kwihanganira umutwaro wa radial n'umutwaro wa axial w'inzira ebyiri.

 

Ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi: imashini zikora impapuro, icyuma gigabanya ingano, umugozi w'imodoka ya gari ya moshi, intebe y'agasanduku k'ibikoresho bizunguruka, ameza y'ibikoresho bizunguruka, icyuma gisya, ecran inyeganyega, imashini zicapa, imashini zikora imbaho, imashini zitandukanye zigabanya ingano, intebe zihagaze zifite intebe.

 

4.Ibyuma bizunguruka bifite umugozi woroshye

 

Udupira tw’uruziga dutondetse mu buryo butaziguye muri ubwo bwoko bw’ubwikorezi, kuko ubuso bw’inzira yo gusiganwa ku muhanda w’impeta y’intebe ari uruziga, bufite ubushobozi bwo kwihuza, bityo bushobora gutuma umugozi ugira aho unyura, ubushobozi bwo gusimbuka ni bunini cyane, kandi bushobora no gusimbuka imitwaro myinshi y’imirasire mu gihe bufashe umutwaro w’uruziga, kandi amavuta yo kwisiga akoreshwa muri rusange mu gihe ukoreshwa.

 

Ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi: moteri zitanga amashanyarazi, moteri zihagaze, imiyoboro y'amato, ibigabanya ibyuma bizunguruka mu nganda zizunguruka z'ibyuma, ibyuma bikurura iminara, inganda z'amakara, imashini zisohora ibikoresho, n'imashini zikora ibikoresho.

 

5. Ibyuma birebire bifite imigozi

 

Izi bearing zifite utuzingo tw’ameza tuzengurutse, tuyoborwa n’urukiramende runini rw’imbere, rwagenewe ku buryo impande z’ubuso bw’inzira y’imbere y’uruziga, ubuso bw’inzira y’inyuma y’uruziga n’ubuso buto bw’ubuso bw’uruziga buhurira ku gace k’imbere k’uruziga. Utuzingo tw’umurongo umwe dushobora kwihanganira imitwaro y’umurongo umwe n’iy’umurongo umwe, naho utuzingo tw’umurongo umwe n’iy’umurongo umwe dushobora kwihanganira imitwaro y’umurongo umwe n’iy’umurongo umwe, ikwiriye imitwaro iremereye n’iy’umurongo umwe.

 

Ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi: imodoka: amapine y'imbere, amapine y'inyuma, transmissions, differentials, pinion shafts. Imashini zikoresha ibyuma, imashini z'ubwubatsi, imashini nini z'ubuhinzi, igikoresho cyo kugabanya ibikoresho by'imodoka za gari ya moshi, ijosi ry'umunyururu n'igikoresho cyo kugabanya umuvuduko.

 

6.Imipira y'umupira irambuye

 

Mu miterere, buri ruziga rw'umupira w'umuyoboro munini rufite inzira ikomeza yo gusimbuka ifite igice cya gatatu cy'uruziga rw'umubumbe w'umupira. Imiyoboro miremire y'umupira ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gutwara imizigo ya radial, ariko ishobora no gutwara imizigo imwe n'imwe yo mu mugongo.

 

Iyo uburebure bw'urukiramende rwiyongereye, rufite imiterere nk'iy'udupira tw'ango kandi rushobora kwihanganira imizigo y'axial isimburana mu byerekezo byombi. Ugereranyije n'ubundi bwoko bw'udupira tw'ango imwe, ubwo bwoko bw'udupira bufite coefficient nto yo gukururana, umuvuduko mwinshi kandi butanga ubuziranenge bwinshi, kandi ni bwo bwoko bw'udupira bukundwa n'abakoresha iyo bahisemo ubwoko.

 

Ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi: imodoka, traktori, ibikoresho by'imashini, moteri, pompe z'amazi, imashini z'ubuhinzi, imashini zikora imyenda, n'ibindi.

 

7. Imipira yo guterura (Thrust ball bearings)

 

Igizwe n'impeta y'imipira yo mu bwoko bwa "raceway" ifite ishusho y'umucanga hamwe n'aho umupira n'akazu bihurira, kandi impeta y'imipira yo mu bwoko bwa "raceway" ijyanye n'umucanga yitwa impeta y'umucanga, naho impeta y'imipira yo mu bwoko bwa "raceway" ijyanye n'aho iherereye yitwa impeta y'intebe. Impeta y'inzira ebyiri ijyanye n'umucanga w'ibanga w'impeta yo hagati, kandi impeta y'inzira imwe ishobora gutwara umutwaro w'inzira imwe, naho impeta y'inzira ebyiri ishobora gutwara umutwaro w'inzira ebyiri (nta na kimwe muri byo gishobora gutwara umutwaro w'imirasire).

 

Imikoreshereze y'ingenzi: imigozi yo kuyobora imodoka, imigozi y'ibikoresho by'imashini.

 

8.Ibyuma bizingurura imigozi

 

Ibyuma bizunguruka bikoreshwa mu gutwara umutwaro w’umurongo nk’umugozi mukuru, umutwaro w’umurongo uzunguruka, ariko umutwaro w’umurongo uzunguruka ntugomba kurenza 55% by’umutwaro w’umurongo uzunguruka. Ugereranyije n’izindi mbyuma bizunguruka, ubwo bwoko bw’imyenda bufite ubushobozi bwo kugongana buto, umuvuduko wo kuzenguruka uri hejuru ndetse n’ubushobozi bwo kwihuza. Ibyuma bizunguruka by’umurongo wa 29000 ni ibyuma bizunguruka bidahuje, bishobora kugabanya uburyo inkoni n’inzira yo gusiganwa binyerera mu kazi, kandi ibyuma bizunguruka ni birebire kandi binini, umurambararo ni munini, umubare w’ibyuma bizunguruka ni munini, kandi ubushobozi bwo gutwara ni bwinshi.

 

Ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi: moteri zitanga amashanyarazi, imigozi y'imashini zikora amashanyarazi.

 

9. Ibyuma bizunguruka by'uruziga

 

Imizingo y'imizingo y'imizingo isanzwe iyoborwa n'imizingo ibiri y'impeta imwe, kandi imizingo y'imizingo n'impeta ziyobora bigira uruvange rw'ibice, bishobora gutandukanywa n'indi mpeta y'imizingo, igizwe n'imizingo ishobora gutandukana.

 

Ubwo bwoko bw'imitako yo gushyiramo ibyuma byoroshye kuyikuraho, cyane cyane iyo impeta z'imbere n'iz'inyuma, imigozi n'ibikonoshwa bihuye neza. Ubusanzwe iyi mitako ikoreshwa gusa mu gutwara imizigo ya radial, kandi ibyuma byo mu murongo umwe gusa bifite imitako mu mpeta z'imbere n'iz'inyuma bishobora kwihanganira imizigo mito ihoraho cyangwa imizigo minini ihoraho.

 

Imikoreshereze y'ingenzi: moteri nini, imigozi y'ibikoresho by'imashini, udusanduku tw'imigozi y'axle, crankshafts za moteri ya mazutu, imodoka, udusanduku duto dufite kwibuka kwinshi, n'ibindi.

 

10.Umupira w'inkoni ufite amanota ane

 

Ishobora kwihanganira umutwaro wa radial n'umutwaro wa axial ugana ku cyerekezo cy'imirongo ibiri, umutwaro umwe ushobora gusimbura umutwaro wa angular contact bearing w'imbere cyangwa inyuma, kandi ikwiriye gutwara umutwaro wa axial cyangwa umutwaro uvanze hamwe n'igice kinini cy'umutwaro wa axial, ubwo bwoko bw'umutwaro bushobora gukora imwe mu nguni zo guhuza iyo itwaye umutwaro wa axial mu cyerekezo icyo ari cyo cyose, bityo impeta n'umupira bihora bihurira ku mpande zombi z'umurongo wo guhuza.

 

Ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi: moteri z'indege, turbine za gaze.

 

11.Ibyuma by'imizingo by'icyuma bihambiraho

 

Igizwe n'impeta y'umuhanda wo gusiganwaho isa n'iy'umucanga (impeta y'umugozi, impeta y'intebe) hamwe n'itsinda ry'umugozi n'akazu. Imigozi y'umugozi ikozwe mu mashini ifite imashini ihanamye, bityo igitutu gikwirakwira hagati y'imigozi n'ubuso bw'umuhanda wo gusiganwaho ni kimwe, kandi ishobora kwihanganira imitwaro y'umurongo umwe, ifite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gusiganwaho no gukomera gukomeye.

 

Ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi: imashini zicukura peteroli, imashini z'ibyuma n'ibyuma.

 

12.Ibyuma bizunguruka by'urushinge rwo gushyiramo inshinge

 

Ingufu zitandukanya zigizwe n'impeta yo mu muhanda w'ibirori hamwe n'itsinda ry'ibirori, kandi zishobora guhuzwa n'impeta y'umuhanda w'ibirori ifite agapapuro gato cyangwa impeta nini yo mu muhanda w'ibirori. Ingufu zidatandukana ni intera igizwe n'impeta yo mu muhanda w'ibirori hamwe n'itsinda ry'ibirori hamwe n'itsinda ry'ibirori byashyizweho ikimenyetso cy'ubuhanga, bishobora kwihanganira umutwaro ugororotse, ubwo bwoko bw'ingufu bufata umwanya muto, butuma imashini ziba nke, kandi nyinshi muri zo zikoresha gusa intera y'ibirori n'itsinda ry'ibirori, kandi ubuso bwo gushyiramo umugozi n'igikonoshwa bikoreshwa nk'ubuso bw'umuhanda w'ibirori.

 

Imikoreshereze y'ingenzi: Ibikoresho byo kohereza amakuru ku modoka, abahinzi, ibikoresho by'imashini, n'ibindi.

 

13.Ibyuma binini byo mu bwoko bwa "Thrust tapered roller bearing"

 

Ubwo bwoko bw'ubwikorezi bufite akazu k'ameza gafite uruziga (impera nini ni uruziga), akazu kayoborwa neza n'urukiramende rw'inzira yo gusiganwa (impeta y'umugozi, impeta yo guturamo), igishushanyo mbonera gituma impeta y'umugozi n'ubuso bw'inzira yo gusiganwa by'impeta y'intebe n'isonga rya buri buso bumeze nk'ubuso bw'ubwikorezi buhurira ku murongo wo hagati w'ubwikorezi, ubwikorezi bw'inzira imwe bushobora kwihanganira umutwaro w'inzira imwe, naho ubwikorezi bw'inzira ebyiri bushobora kwihanganira umutwaro w'inzira ebyiri.

 

Porogaramu z'ingenzi:

 

Inzira imwe: ipfundo ry'imashini, imashini izunguruka mu gikoresho cy'amavuta.

 

Ibyerekezo bibiri: ijosi ry'umuzingo w'icyuma uzunguruka.

 

14.Ibyuma by'umupira bifite intebe

 

Imiterere y'umupira w'uruziga igizwe n'imipira y'inyuma ifite ibifunga ku mpande zombi n'aho icyuma gipfundikiye (cyangwa seti y'icyuma). Imiterere y'imbere y'umupira w'inyuma ni imwe n'iy'umupira w'inyuma, ariko impeta y'imbere y'ubu bwoko bw'imipira ni nini kurusha impeta y'inyuma, kandi impeta y'inyuma ifite ubuso bw'inyuma buto, bushobora kwihuza iyo buhuye n'ubuso bw'uruziga bw'intebe y'umupira.

 

Ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi: ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, ubuhinzi, inganda z'imiti, imyenda, icapiro n'irangi, imashini zitwara ibintu, n'ibindi.